Impact of episodic herbivory by the tamarisk leaf beetle on leaf litter nitrogen and stem starch content: A short communication     

《Journal of Arid Environments》2013

Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) has in recent decades come to dominate riparian corridors throughout much of the western U.S. The implementation of biological control, utilizing the tamarisk leaf beetle (Diorhabda spp., particularly Diorhabda carinulata), has focused attention and research on this method for Tamarix suppression. Researchers are just beginning to understand how herbivory by Diorhabda affects Tamarix physiology and nutritional dynamics. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether herbivory by D. carinulata altered leaf litter nitrogen and stem starch content, and if so, how such alteration varied across a gradient of herbivory chronosequence. Leaf litter and stem analysis showed significantly higher levels of both nitrogen and stem starch content in trees that had experienced herbivory by the leaf beetle. However, there were no significant differences in nitrogen or stem starch content based on years of beetle herbivory. Higher levels of nitrogen in leaf litter from beetle-affected trees may be a result of herbivory-induced desiccation and foliar mortality prior to the translocation of nitrogen back into plant reserves. Additionally, higher stem starch may be a result of either phloem damage reducing the translocation of photoassimilates, or an increase in the shunting of carbohydrates to the site of new leaf growth. Finally, the lack of correlation between years of herbivory and both leaf litter nitrogen and stem starch may indicate that as of yet there have not been sufficient defoliation events to yield anticipated host plant impact.  相似文献   

Rainfall interception in a lower montane forest in Ecuador: effects of canopy properties     

Katrin Fleischbein  Wolfgang Wilcke  Rainer Goller  Jens Boy  Carlos Valarezo  Wolfgang Zech  Klaus Knoblich 《水文研究》2005,19(7):1355-1371

Rainfall interception in forests is influenced by properties of the canopy that tend to vary over small distances. Our objectives were: (i) to determine the variables needed to model the interception loss of the canopy of a lower montane forest in south Ecuador, i.e. the storage capacity of the leaves S and of the trunks and branches S_t, and the fractions of direct throughfall p and stemflow p_t; (ii) to assess the influence of canopy density and epiphyte coverage of trees on the interception of rainfall and subsequent evaporation losses. The study site was located on the eastern slope of the eastern cordillera in the south Ecuadorian Andes at 1900–2000 m above sea level. We monitored incident rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow between April 1998 and April 2001. In 2001, the leaf area index (LAI), inferred from light transmission, and epiphyte coverage was determined. The mean annual incident rainfall at three gauging stations ranged between 2319 and 2561 mm. The mean annual interception loss at five study transects in the forest varied between 591 and 1321 mm, i.e. between 25 and 52% of the incident rainfall. Mean S was estimated at 1·91 mm for relatively dry weeks with a regression model and at 2·46 mm for all weeks with the analytical Gash model; the respective estimates of mean S_t were 0·04 mm and 0·09 mm, of mean p were 0·42 and 0·63, and of mean p_t were 0·003 and 0·012. The LAI ranged from 5·19 to 9·32. Epiphytes, mostly bryophytes, covered up to 80% of the trunk and branch surfaces. The fraction of direct throughfall p and the LAI correlated significantly with interception loss (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = −0·77 and 0·35 respectively, n = 40). Bryophyte and lichen coverage tended to decrease S_t and vascular epiphytes tended to increase it, although there was no significant correlation between epiphyte coverage and interception loss. Our results demonstrate that canopy density influences interception loss but only explains part of the total variation in interception loss. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Smooth particle hydrodynamics simulations of low Reynolds number flows through porous media     

David W. Holmes  Peter Tilke 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2011,35(4):419-437

In this paper, a three‐dimensional smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulator for modeling grain scale fluid flow in porous media is presented. The versatility of the SPH method has driven its use in increasingly complex areas of flow analysis, including the characterization of flow through permeable rock for both groundwater and petroleum reservoir research. SPH provides the means to model complex multi‐phase flows through such media; however, acceptance of the methodology has been hampered by the apparent lack of actual verification within the literature, particulary in the three‐dimensional case. In this paper, the accuracy of SPH is addressed via a comparison to the previously recognized benchmarks of authors such as Sangani and Acrivos (Int. J. Multiphase Flow 1982; 8 (4): 343–360), Zick and Homsy (J. Fluid Mech. 1982; 115 :13–26) and Larson and Higdon (Phys. Fluids A 1989; 1 (1):38–46) for the well‐defined classical problems of flow through idealized two‐ and three‐dimensional porous media. The accuracy of results for such low Reynolds number flows is highly dependent on the implementation of no‐slip boundary conditions. A new, robust and numerically efficient, method for implementing such boundaries in SPH is presented. Simulation results for friction coefficient and permeability are shown to agree well with the available benchmarks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

季风与西风对青藏高原全新世气候变化的影响:同位素证据     

李秀美  侯居峙  王明达  贺跃 《第四纪研究》2019,39(3):678-686

青藏高原气候变化在冰期-间冰期、千年、十年际和季节尺度上受亚洲季风和西风环流的交互影响,表现出显著的区域性特征。然而全新世以来青藏高原气候变化的机制还不甚清楚,主要原因之一是缺少指示意义明确的古气候代用指标。课题组近年来利用叶蜡氢同位素(δDwax)重建了高原东北部的青海湖、中北部的令戈错、中部的达则错、西部的班公错和阿翁错不同时间尺度的大气降水同位素记录,本文对上述工作进行总结,并结合青藏高原全新世以来已发表的其他地点的同位素和古水文记录,揭示全新世以来季风与西风对青藏高原不同区域气候变化的影响。结果表明:1)早全新世青海湖、令戈错、班公错和阿翁错4个湖泊均主要受夏季风影响,夏季风可以影响到青藏高原的大部分地区,此时夏季风在青藏高原的最北界限可能位于青海湖以北、克鲁克湖以南。2)中全新世青海湖、班公错和阿翁错受夏季风影响逐渐减弱;然而令戈错在7.0~4.5 ka水汽主要来源于西风环流。3)晚全新世青海湖和班公错受季风的影响进一步减弱;西风在3.5~1.7 ka和2.0~1.0 ka分别影响到高原中部的令戈错和达则错;晚全新世阿翁错受冰川融水补给影响降水同位素异常偏负。4)本研究表明在中晚全新世季风较弱的时期,西风能够深入到青藏高原内部地区,给高原内部地区带来冷湿的水汽。  相似文献   

杉木与楠木凋落叶混合分解及其P、K动态     

江淼华  程徐冰  杨建忠  郭剑芬 《福建地理》2012,(3):14-19

将杉木、楠木凋落叶及以二者不同比例混合的凋落叶置于果园林内进行分解和P、K动态的研究,结果表明：杉木和楠木凋落叶混合处理的分解速率均大于单独分解的纯杉木和纯楠木凋落叶.各凋落叶分解过程中,P浓度略有增加,而K浓度基本呈下降趋势.纯杉木凋落叶分解过程中P、K残留率均比纯楠木叶的低.杉楠混合分解的P、K释放率基本上大于单独的纯楠木叶.杉木与楠木凋落叶混合分解对其P和K的释放有一定的促进作用.  相似文献   

氢氧稳定同位素技术在生态系统水分耗散中的应用研究进展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张玉翠  孙宏勇  沈彦俊  齐永青 《地理科学》2012,(3):289-293

氢氧稳定同位素作为水的"DNA",对于研究水分的传输和转化具有重要的意义,而水分耗散是水循环的重要组成部分。简单介绍氢氧稳定同位素在水分耗散研究中应用的主要原理和比较新的一些技术方法,主要对其在森林、草原生态系统和农田生态系统中蒸散发分离,植物水分来源区分、叶片水同位素富集和水分利用效率等方面做较为详细的归纳总结和探讨,最后指出国内此类研究仍然存在的问题和可能的发展方向,以期对未来氢氧稳定同位素技术在水分循环和水分耗散方面的应用研究有借鉴作用。  相似文献   

四川安谷水电站勘探竖井及试验平硐施工工艺          下载免费PDF全文

付兵 《探矿工程》2012,39(6):80-84

四川安谷水电站勘探竖井所处地层河床砂卵石层深厚,采用传统的人工挖掘护壁或沉井施工工艺,施工难度大。针对地层的特点,采用冲击钻机成孔的方式施工。同时,在竖井中开挖试验平硐,遵循多炮眼、小进尺、小药量,光面爆破的施工方案,圆满完成试验平硐的开挖。介绍了其施工技术及注意事项。  相似文献   

基于遥感与地理信息系统支持下的地表植被特征参数反演   总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10  

张时煌  彭公炳  黄玫 《气候与环境研究》2004,9(1):80-91

利用Sellers等对于不同植被类型在观测的基础上已经建立起来的光合作用有效辐射吸收系数(FPAR)或叶面积指数(LAI)与归一化标准植被指数(NDVI)的函数关系,以国家卫星气象中心接收稿日期的美国卫星NOAA-16的范围为(5～65°N,60～150°E、分辨率为1 km的NDVI资料为原始资料,根据2000年10月15日至2001年10月15日期间MODIS卫星遥感数据反演得到的IGBP分类系统1 km分辨率的土地覆被类型资料为辅助资料,对反演这一研究范围内的地表植被特征参数FPAR和LAI进行了有益的尝试,得到了比较好的结果,并成功地运用于集成沙尘天气数值预报系统中.  相似文献   

华南武功山地区韧性剪切带的纳米尺度测量研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘浩  孙岩  舒良树  陆现彩 《地质学报》2009,83(5):609-606

在华南加里东造山带中段区域构造调查和中法合作研究的基础上, 对武功山地区从新元古代到中生代的韧性板劈理带、逆冲断层带、挤压片理带和拉伸构造带等多种构造类型的变形带, 就其超微观纳米粒子结构和动力薄膜进行了扫描电镜(SEM) 测量和新的探讨。 上述4类韧性剪切带的表层高应变域ab、ac组构面上均发现纳米粒子, 颗粒直径一般为50~90nm, 并因研磨滚动而形成磨粒(grinding grains)。 由纳米粒、纳米线和纳米层构成一套纳米微线理、面理和组构系统, 与宏观的线理和面理平行一致, 还可见到完好的超微SC面理和优选方位的纳米级应力矿物。 韧性剪切的所谓静态摩擦, 实际上是纳米界限层以微弱摩擦力推进滑移量(slippage)形成的平滑运动, 这种平滑运动是纳米级单体和复体磨粒滚动滑移所致。 本文从上述几方面揭示了韧性剪切带中纳米粒子存在的普遍性; 纳米结构与显微构造的可比性; 韧性剪切滑移机理的特殊性。 最后, 以区内韧性剪切带在地壳浅构造位异常发育的特点, 从一个方面讨论华南加里东构造带在系统动力学行为上的时间滞后性。  相似文献   

顾及模型误差的卡尔曼滤波相位解缠     

刘国林  闫满 《测绘科学》2012,37(2):170-172

本文提出一种顾及模型误差的卡尔曼滤波相位解缠算法,该算法在卡尔曼滤波的状态空间模型中引入一与误差因素有关的控制变量,对相位误差进行补偿,通过在解缠过程中将卡尔曼滤波增益限制在一定范围内,把误差阻遏在相当小的区域,最后对解缠相位进行卡尔曼滤波平滑操作,减少了误差的传播。分别采用仿真数据和真实InSAR数据进行实验,并与原卡尔曼滤波相位解缠结果进行对比分析,验证了本文方法的有效性。  相似文献